Amount of Production; Our country produces about 3,100 million tons of the world production of apple and it comes third after China and USA in its production.

Climate and Soil Type; Jersey Mac, Vista Bella, Summer Red, Red Star, Anna, Golden Dorset, Wiliams Pride and Gala Group summer and fall apple species which requires cooling below 7.2 C0 for 600-1200 hours in the 300-800 m altitude areas of Mediterranean and Aegean Regions. It is recommended to grow the winter species in Passing and Internal Regions which requires 1500-2500 hours cooling. Apples don't like heavy textured soils of over 12% lime.

Use of Rootstock; After 2 years fruit can be collected from the apple clone rootstocks and 8 to 10 tons of fruits can be collected at 7th year which is the most abundant time. Rootstocks such as dwarf M9 and Pajam 1, Pajam 2 and EMLA 9 developed from M9 are resistant to phytophthora and partly sensitive to fire blight bacterial disease. Gardens should be formed with a wired support system up to 3-3.5m with these rootstocks. In gardens established with dwarf rootstocks, plant spacing should be 3.5-4 m on a line and1-1.5m between the lines. Spur type species shouldn't be grafted onto the dwarf apple clone rootstocks. 166 to 250 stocks in gardens planted with the M9 rootstocks, 65 to 120 stocks in gardens with species grafted onto M26, M7 and MM106 semi-dwarf clone trees, and 50 to 85 apple stocks can be planted for the MM 111 clone rootstock which grows strongly. Rootstock 111 is better resistant to aridity than other apple clone rootstocks.

Important Clone Rootstocks and Species; An important transformation process started in our country in recent years and the use of clone rootstocks such as M9, M26, M 7, MM 106, MM 111 rapidly increases. Among the early summer species Vista Bella, Jersey Mac, Summer Red and Williams Star take place. Important fall species are generally Ruby Gala, Royal Gala, Galaxy Gala, Mondial Gala, einter species; Jonagold, Scarlet Spur, Red Chief, Breuburn, Fuji, Red Chief, Pink Lady, Grany Smith and growing these species rapidly increase since foreign demand gets higher. In garden particularly planted with the species like Grany Smith, which is sensitive to fire blight, cover materials to somehow prevent the passing of sunshine are recommended.

Cultivation Systems and Fruit Thinning; Different cultivations systems such as peak branch, modified leader and thin spindle are applied in apple gardens. In order to collect enough product, fertilizing species at a rate of 10-15% should be planted. For a standard sized fruit, thinning must be applied deliberately. Of the fruits available in a flower beam, the commonly called king apple should be preserved and others around it should be pulled apart. Regarding the thinning with chemicals, this should be applied 15-20 days after the full flowering.

Disease and Pests; Apple powdery mildew, Apple blackspot bruising, Monilia and applie viruses are crucial diseases, Apple webworm, Apple worms and Apple woolly aphid are among the important pests.

Amount of Production; Our country produces about 460 ton of the world production of pear and it comes fifth after China , USA ,İtaly and Argentina in the production.

Soil and Climate Requirements; Thanks to the good adaptation ability, pear has a chance to grow in different ecological parts of our country. Pear is less resistant to colds than apple and requires warmer climates It isn't appropriate for heavy, airless alkali soils with high rates of lime. Deep, organic material-rich and permeable soils should be preferred. Total cooling requirements of pears under 7,2 C0 change between 800 to 1200 hours. Early species requiring low cooling are planted in 300-800 m altitude areas of Aegean and Mediterranean while other species are planted in passing and internal areas.

Use of Rootstock; With the use of dwarf and semi-dwarf clone rootstocks such as BA -29, OHF-333, MC, Quince-A, Sydo, Farold 40, Farold 69 and Pyro- Dwarf developed in recent years, dense planting of pear stocks are widely preferred in the farms with different soil and ecological types. In selecting the rootstock to be used and species to be grown, soil analysis and climatic data of the relevant area must be obtained. Planting a farm in 4x1,2m and 4x1,5m on dwarf rootstocks, 5x2,5-5x3m in semi-dwarf rootstocks, 6x6 m for generative pears, 4x3m gaps for generative quinces.

Important Species and Selection of Species Akça, Etruska, June Beauty, Santa Maria, Williams, Kiefer, Abate Fetel, Comice, Conference, Beurre Hardy, Passe Cressane, Ankara and Deveci are important pear species. 

It is important to have the early, fall and winter species together in certain amounts and consider the winter colds of species. Since the pear species don't adopt to each other, 10 to 15% fertilizing species should be planted.

Cultivation System; Peak branches, modified leader, funicle cultivation systems are preferred in pear growing. Dense planting gardens are established for pears as in apples with the application of funicle cultivation system and wired support system by preferring 4-4,5m between lines and 1,2-1,5m gaps on a line for those on the semi-dwarf rootstocks. 

Diseases and Pests; Fire blight, powdery mildew, gymnosporangium are important pear diseases. Fire blight disease caused by ervinia amylovor bacteria is the most important element restricting the pear growing. In locations with high rates of this disease, resistant or partly resistant species should be preferred and pear origin rootstocks should be used instead of the quince origin ones. 

Important pear pests are pear worm, pear leaf bug, pear leech and cochineals.

Amount of Production; Our country produces about 532 thousand tons of peach every year. Turkey takes the sixth place in peach joined with nectarine production reaches about 608 thousand tons of production. Where China comes in the first place by its production that reaches 12 million tons follow by İtaly , Spain , USA and Greece.

Soil and Climate Requirements; Main branch and trunk of peach and nectarine trees resist up to -20C0 and flowers are damaged in -2, 4C0 in early Spring. Young fruits are more sensitive to frosts than the flowers. Peach can be planted in Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean and Southeastern Regions up to 800 m altitude. Cooling requirements change between 350-1300 hours. Non-heavy textured, well-drained, loamy, alluvial, PH degree 6,5-7,5 soils are the best ones for peach growing.

Use of Rootstock; Generative seed rootstocks of some species and seed rootstocks such as Nemaguard and GF-305 resistant to nematode are preferred for peach and nectarines. In recent years, GF 677, GF 557, Gadaman, GN -15 and GN -22 peach almond hybrid rootstocks are used in soils with nematode problem and with a lime rate of over 10%. These rootstocks can grow in limited irrigation possibilities besides their roots are resistant to root tumor nematode.

If the peach will be grown in heavy textured soils (water holding capacity over 70%), gardens should be planted with stocks grafted onto the Myrobalan 29-C, Marianna, Saint Julien-A MR.S- 2/5 plum clone rootstocks or hybrid of plum and peach Citation clone rootstock. However, incompatibility may be apparent on some peach species. The garden should be planted in 6x5m, 5x5 m on peach rootstocks, 5x4 m on GF 677 and Gadaman peach almond rootstocks, and 5x3 m on Myrobalan 29 C and Saint Julien-A rootstocks.

Cultivation System; Goble cultivation system called as the open vase shaped is the most commonly used method. In addition, V, Y(tatura) and different peak branch cultivation systems are applied.

Important Peach Species; From early yielding to late yielding respectively, Francoise, Rich May, Springcrest, Maycrest, Royal Gem, Rich Lady, Blazing Gold, Redhaven, Glohaven, Red Globe, Rome Star,  Elagent Lady, J.H. Hale, Monreo,  Rio Oso Gem, Red Star.

Important Nectarine Species; May Glo, May Free, Big Bang  Silver King, Super Red, Armking, Adriana,  Silver Splended, Caldesi 2000, Big Top, Star Red Gold, Fantasia, Venus, Morsiani -51, Silver Late, Fairlane, Caldesi 85, Caldesi 2020. 

Diseases and Pests; Leaf Leeches, Cochineals, Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Eastern Fruit Moth and root tumor nematodes are the important ones. Root Cancer, powdery mildew, monilia, Coryneum beijerinckii, Taphrina deformans, Plum dwarf virus (PDV), CNRV (Clorotic Necrotic Ring Spot Virus) and PPV are among the important ones.

Amount of Production; Our country 77,000 tons of nectarine every year.Turkey takes the sixth place in peach joined with nectarine production with about 608 thousand tons of production.Where China comes in the first place by its production that reaches 12 million tons follow by İtaly ,Spain,USA and Greece.

Use of Rootstock; Generative seed rootstocks of some species and seed rootstocks such as Nemaguard and GF-305 resistant to nematode are preferred for peach and nectarines. In recent years, GF 677, GF 557, Gadaman, GN -15 and GN -22 peach almond hybrid rootstocks are used in soils with nematode problem and with a lime rate of over 10%. These rootstocks can grow in limited irrigation possibilities besides their roots are resistant to root tumor nematode.

If the peach will be grown in heavy textured soils (water holding capacity over 70%), gardens should be planted with stocks grafted onto the Myrobalan 29-C, Marianna, Saint Julien-A MR.S- 2/5 plum clone rootstocks or hybrid of plum and peach Citation clone rootstock. However, incompatibility may be apparent on some peach species. The garden should be planted in 6x5m, 5x5 m on peach rootstocks, 5x4 m on GF 677 and Gadaman peach almond rootstocks, and 5x3 m on Myrobalan 29 C and Saint Julien-A rootstocks.

Cultivation System; Goble cultivation system called as the open vase shaped is the most commonly used method. In addition, V, Y(tatura) and different peak branch cultivation systems are applied.

Important Peach Species; From early yielding to late yielding respectively, Francoise, Rich May, Springcrest, Maycrest, Royal Gem, Rich Lady, Blazing Gold, Redhaven, Glohaven, Red Globe, Rome Star,  Elagent Lady, J.H. Hale, Monreo,  Rio Oso Gem, Red Star.

Important Nectarine Species; May Glo, May Free, Big Bang  Silver King, Super Red, Armking, Adriana,  Silver Splended, Caldesi 2000, Big Top, Star Red Gold, Fantasia, Venus, Morsiani -51, Silver Late, Fairlane, Caldesi 85, Caldesi 2020.

Diseases and Pests; Leaf Leeches, Cochineals, Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Eastern Fruit Moth and root tumor nematodes are the important ones. Root Cancer, powdery mildew, monilia, Coryneum beijerinckii, Taphrina deformans, Plum dwarf virus (PDV), CNRV (Clorotic Necrotic Ring Spot Virus) and PPV are among the important ones.

Amount of Production and Trade; Our country produces about  180,000 tons of sour cherry and it takes the fourth place in the world's produvtion As Ukraine comes in the fisrt place Russia comes in the second and Polish in the third.

Establishing a Garden and Important Species; Due to the development of fruit juice and canned industry, demand for sour cherry has increased. If generative rootstocks are used in gardens, plant spacing should be 5x5m or 5x6m, is clone rootstock is preferred it should be 5x4m, and it should me 3m on the line and 4m between the lines if the rootstocks grow weakly. Sour cherries generally don't fertilize each other so that a number of species blooming should be available in the garden. While a garden is planted, Katırlı for Kütahya sour cherry, Kütahya and Montmorency for Katırlı, Montmorency and Heimans Rabin for Hungary sour cherry should be planted. Rabin and Morello species don't fertilize each other. 

Kütahya specie is the most commonly planted sour cherry in our country and as a result of the selection works among different types of this specie superior types were designated by our Research Institute. 

To compete with the developed countries for sour cherry growing and to increase the amount of export, it is useful to establish closed gardens including the wild species besides the domestic types. 

Cultivation Systems and Budding; Sour cherry trees tend to grow vertically within two years following the planting and then they start to evolve broad and shallow. Different peak branch and Goble cultivation systems are the most commonly applied ones. 

In places with extreme sunbathing, different peak branch cultivation system is applied. Sour cherries form denser and more number of branches. Therefore, to promote the new shootings on branches, thinning should be performed every year and branches overlapping should be eliminated. 

Disease and Pests; Root rot, Monilia, Root cancer are important diseases Among the virus diseases, Clorotic, Necrotic Ring Spot virus and Sur Cherry Yellow virus are important virus diseases. Sour cherry fly, leaf leeches and bud caterpillars are important pests.

Amount of Production; Our country's production of plums is about 305,000 tons of the world production and it comes in fifth place in plumes production in the world .Where China takes the first place in producing about 6,000,000 tons followed by Serbia,Romania.Chile.

Climate and Soil Requirements; Japan group plums' resistance to cold is lower than the European Group plums. As the European plums blossom later, they are less affected from the late frosts of spring. Japan plums are more selective compared to European groups and alluvial and permeable, PH 6.5-7.2 soils are the most appropriate ones. 

European and Green group plums can be grown in heavy textured soils. Green group plums are the best for the climate conditions. Branches and trunks of European and Green group plums resist up to -25 to -30 C0 in winter while the Japan type plums are damaged in -20 C0 and their flowers are damaged in 0.6 - 2.2 C0. Japan Group plums can be planted in Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean, and Southern Regions up to 800 meters of altitude. Cooling requirements of the plums under this group change between 550 to 800 hours. European Group can be planted in passing and interior areas. Cooling requirements of European Group is between 800-1250 hours.

Use of Rootstock; Generative rootstocks are preferred in plums but in recent years a big demand is seen for the stocks on clone rootstocks. Myrobalan clone rootstocks are the most common plum rootstocks, Myrobalan 29C is a semi-dwarf rootstock. Saint Julien- A, Marianna, MR.S- 2/5 rootstocks are among the important plum rootstocks.  Gaps on a line and gaps between the lines can be 6x5m for those on the generative rootstocks, 5x3m, 5x2.5m for semi-dwarf clone rootstocks like Myrobalan 29-C, Saint Julien, and 4x2 m and 4x1.5m for those on dwarf Pixy clone rootstock.

Cultivation System; Open Vase Shape cultivation system is the most commonly applied system.  In addition V, Y(tatura) and different peak branch cultivation systems are also applied.

Important Plum Species; Green Group Plums; Papaz, Green, Havran, Aynalı, Foça, Karşıyaka Plum are the important ones in this group. They can be consumed in green ripening period. Since the green group plums can't fertilize each other, sufficient amount of fertilizers must be available in the garden. 

European Group Plums; Göynük, Karagöynük, Köstendil, Üryani, D’Agen, Reine Claude Verte, R.C. Violet, R. C.d’Altan, Firenze 90, Giant, Stanley President are the famous ones.  D'Agen specie is the most commonly grown species for drying in the world. President specie is the most demanded one in this group, it is suitable for transport and storing and Stanley specie should be planted as a fertilizer of this specie. 

Japan Group Plums; Red Beaut, Black Beaut, Santa Rosa, Black Amber, Black Star, Formosa, Black Diamont, Fortune, Friar, Tracy Sun, Autumn Giant, Angelona are important Japan type plums. Since the Japan plums don't fertilize each other, fertilizers in sufficient amount must be planted. 

Disease and Pests; Root Cancer (Agrobacterium tumefaciencs), Monilia, Plum Silver Leaf Disease, Plum Dwarf Virus (PDV), Clorotic Necrotic Ring Spot Virus (CNRV) and Porcine Parvovirus Infection (PPV) are among the important diseases while Leaf Leeches, cochineals, Red Insects, rhomboid tortrix, Plum Symphyta are the important plum pests.

Amount of Production; Our country produces about 140,000 tons of the world production of quince and it comes in the first place followed by China,Uzbekistan,Morocco and İran.

Climate and Soil Requirements; Resistance of quince to cold and cooling requirement is lower compared to apple and pear. Since the blooming is late, it isn't affected by late frosts of spring. Branch breaking and fruit spilling can be seen in extremely windy areas. Quinces are planted in loamy, hot characteristic soils. Since the roots of quinces don't go much deeper, they are generally resistant to much humidity in soil. TPH degree of soil in between 6 - 7.5 is ideal and the lime amount of soil shouldn't be over 10%, 

Use of Rootstock; Generative rootstock of quince are used in quinces and in recent years quince origin clone rootstocks such as clone Quince-A, BA 29, MC Sydo are also preferred.  Plant spacing should be 5m on a line and 4m between lines for those on generative quince rootstocks and 4x3m and 4x2m between the lines for those on con rootstocks.  

Fertilizing Biology; An important part of the quince species don't fertilize each other, fruit yielding might be 3% in some species therefore another species flowering in the same period should be planted. 

Important Species; Ekmek Ayvası is suitable for both fresh consumption and making jam and marmalade. Other important species are Eşme, Limon, Midilli, and İstanbul Quince.

Cultivation System; Since the apricot tends to grow broad and shallow, most appropriate cultivation systems are goble and different peak branch cultivation systems. It is better to prefer goble system in humid regions like Marmara Region and prefer different peak branch system in regions with low humidity. Extreme budding should be avoided in quinces in yielding and branch thinning can be performed by removing the dry, bull, diseased and dense branches. 

Diseases and Pests; The most important disease is Ervinia amylovora' (fire blight) as in pear. Bordeaux mixture should be applied 3% before the budding, 1% after the budding and 0.4% after the blooming. Redundant branches should be cut off 20 cm deep and burned. It is useful to use the protective antibiotics regularly.  Monillia is another important disease and effective drugs such as thiram, karbendazil should be used for fight against disease. Worm, Mediterranean Fruit Fly are the important pests.

Amount of Production and Trade;  Our country's production of apricot is about 800,000 tons of the world production and it comes in the first place followed by Iran,Uzbekistan,Algeria and Italy.

Climate and Soil Requirement; Apricot enjoys places with short and hot summers and long and rainy winters. Malatya region is therefore very ideal for apricot planting. Buds of apricot trees can resist up to -25 C0 in winter but their resistance is a bit lower than the peaches. Since apricots flower early, they are damaged by late frosts of spring in some regions. Their flowers resist to 2.2-2.5 C0, small fruits resist to -0.5-0.8C0. In seaside regions, fungi diseases like red stain, powdery mildew can be observed. In areas where the required warm is not sustained, apricots don't get sweet but sour even they ripen full. Need for cooling of apricots is more than Japan plums and almonds but lower than pear and apple. Table Aprikot and Hacıhaliloğlu species can't complete the cooling periods in Aegean and Mediterranean regions. Cooling need (total time below 7.2C0) change between 600 to 1600 hours depending on the specie. 

Apricot enjoys permeable, organic material-rich, well-aired, hot textured loamy limy soils. They don't enjoy humid, heavy textured, and clayed soils. Resistance to lime is equivalent with almond but more than peach.

Establishing Garden, Use of Rootstock and Important Species; If generative rootstocks are preferred in the gardens of apricots, plant spacing should be 7x7m, 8x8m, and 5x5 m or 4 m on the line and 5m between the gaps if clone rootstocks are used. 

An important share of apricot species don't fertilize each other and some species don't conform to each other. It is useful to plant fertilizing species at a rate of 10 to 15% which bloom at the same time with the main species.

Mostly the seeds of apricot and wild apricot are used as rootstock. These rootstocks resist to arid conditions and nematodes. Myrobalan generative plum rootstocks and Myrobalan 29-C, Saint Julien A, Saint Julien 655/2  and Myrobalan GF 31 clone rootstocks are particularly preferred in heavy textured and humid soils.  Important table species are Ninfa, Aurero, Precoce Thirinte, P. Colomer, Beliana, Perfection, Roxana, Goldrich, local species are  Hacıhaliloğlu, Tokaloğlu, Şekerpare,  Soğancı, Çöloğlu, Hasanbey, Alyanak, Şam, Kabaaşı, Aprikoz and Karacabey. 

Cultivation Systems and Budding; Trees of apricots grow strongly and form broad and shallow crown, therefore generally goble cultivation system is used in apricots. Sunbathing and coloring of fruits is better in this system, different peak branch cultivation system should be applied in areas with extreme sunshine. Apricot requires less budding compared to stone fruits like peach, plum, and cherry. Extreme budding in apricots in yielding may cause drying. Summer budding in especially early years in first two weeks of June is important for the cultivation system of the tree. As fruit formation happens in 2 and 3 years, it is better to preserve these twigs in budding. 

Diseases and Pests; Root Rot, Monillia, Apoflexy, Plum Pox, Sun Spots, red spot, zam disease are important ones. Leaf leeches, scolytus rugulosus, Mediterranean fruit fly are among the important pests.

Production and Trade; This pear specie grown with the common names of Asian Pear, Nashi, Japan Pears, Chinese Pears and Apple Pear in the world are widely planted in Eastern Asia, China, Japan, Korea and also New Zealand and Chile and started to be planted in California and Europe in recent years. It has been grown over 15 years in our country and the production is estimated about 500-1000 tons a year. Asian Pears take demand of consumers with their crispy, juicy and unique flavors. It is foreseen that the Asian Pears which can be found in big markets only because of the lack of production will have a big demand in the future.

Use of Rootstock; Species the most preferred in foreign countries is Pyrus betulaefolia, Pyrus comminus (European pears), pear seed rootstocks and OH-F rootstocks. Betulaufolia rootstocks are preferred in California and Japan and these rootstocks are resistant to cold and heavy textured soils. Since grafting unconformity may be seen in those on the quince origin rootstocks, semi-dwarf rootstocks like BA-29 are seen. However, by means of using an intergrafted pear rootstock cohering to the quince, Asian pears can then be grafted.  

Climate and Soil requirements; Asian Pears don't resist to colds as much as the European group pears, which are also grown in our country, they can be planted in areas available for peaches.  It is possible to grow the specie in Southern and Eastern Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean, Southeastern Anatolia and Black Sea Regions of our country as well as the micro-climatic places of Central Anatolia Region. Asian pears are not so selective so that can be planted in farms other than the very heavy textured and clayed soils.

Establishing Garden, budding and cultivation methods; Asian pears can be planted in 3 m gaps on the line and 5m or 4x2.5m gaps between the lines on the OH F-333 clone rootstocks. It is better to apply the 5x5m planting gaps for those on the Pyrus betulaefolia rootstock which grows strongly. Asian pears are partly yielding for themselves and it is better to plant another species which bloom. Applying goble or modified leader cultivation systems and generally goble system is preferred in California. 

Fertilizing; Asian pears are partly yielding for themselves and it is better to plant another species which fertilize. Nijiseki (20th century) and Shinseiki species fertilize each other therefore no fertilizing is required in a garden. 3 to 4 bee hives should be available up to 10 decares during flowering. Early type species Ya Li, Tsu Li and Seuri fertilize each other since they bloom at the same time. Of the species bloom at the same time, many fertilize each other. Asian pears bloom a few days earlier than the European group Pears and they bloom at the same time with Nijitseiki, Okusankichi, and Williams species and fertilize each other. Hosui, Kosui and Atogo species fertilize each other.   

Thinning; To obtain the demanded fruit size, fruit thinning should definitely be performed. More thinning is required compared to the European Group pears.  Since no regular thinning can be conducted by the chemicals, manual thinning is a must. 

Important Species; Around 25 species are grown in Eastern Asia and California, most commonly planted species are categorized into 3 groups. These are as follows; 1-Round, flattened at the flower hole and stem hole, green yellowish color of outer leaf, 2-Round, flattened shape but bronze outer leaf or bronze spotted group, 3-Classic (European group) pear shaped (conic). Important Asian pear species from the early yielding to late yielding; Ichiban Nashi, Shinsui, Kosui, Shinseki, Shinseiki, Hosui, Atago Kikusui, Yoinashi, 20th century (Nijisweki), Chojuro, Shinko, Nitaka, Yali, Tsu li, Dasui Li, Shin Li, Okusankichi species. 

Diseases and pests; Asian pears other than Shinko specie are sensitive to fire blight. In especially areas where springs are cool, diseases are more frequently encountered. Deep planting may cause bacterial cancer on trees in the future. 

Harvest, Packing and Storing; Asian pears are harvested from the beginning of July until late September based on their species. When dry material is around 12-13% (total sugar) they can be harvested.  Regarding the spotted species, the most important criteria for harvest ripeness is the condition when the green spots turn to brown. And when the ground color turn to yellowish from green, it is time to harvest. It is crucial not to damage the fruits during harvest and fruits shouldn't have finger prints during harvest. It is recommended for the Asian pears to pack and carry in 10-20 kg plastic packs. Asian pears exported to Japan from California are transported in 20 kg packs. While the Asian pears change according to the species, they can be stored for 2 to 4 months in 0 C0. After this period of time, internal scals might be observed in some species.

Amount of Production; Our country takes the first place in the world in cherry producing , its production reaches 500 thousand tons every year.As the US comes second by producing 300,000 tons and Iran comes third with 200,000 tons production. In the same time ,Italy takes the fourth place,while Uzbekistan takes the fifth and Spain takes the sixth.

Climate and Soil Requirements; Cherries grow well in deep loamy soils. They don't enjoy the airless, heavy textured soils with poor drainage Rootstocks must be selected according to the soil analysis. Cherry trees can resist to -25, -28 C0 in Winter resting period while the flowers are damaged at -2,-3C0 and young fruits are damaged at -1C0.

They can be planted in almost all regions of our country excluding the seaside areas of Mediterranean and Aegean Sea. Required winter cooling durations below 7.2 C0 change between 700-1400 hours. Formation of twin cherries increases in regions with hot summer. 

Use of rootstock; Wild cherry and mahlep rootstocks have been preferred in cherries for a long time, but in recent years demand for stocks grafted onto the clone rootstocks have increased. 

The rootstocks Gisela series 5, 6, 7 and 12 developed in Gissen Research Institute in Germany, Ma x Ma series, Weirot and Tabel Edabriz developed in France, CAB 6P and E-11 developed in Italy takes greater demand and the demand for stocks grafted onto Mahalep Sl-64, Cold and Mazzart F-12/1 rootstocks. Mahalep SL-64 rootstock should be preferred in limy, loamy soils with limited irrigation conditions, Mahalep SL-64 MaxMa rootstocks should be preferred in heavy textured soils and F 12/1, CAB 6P should be used in permeable, deep soils with hot climate.  

Use of rootstock; Wild cherry and mahlep rootstocks have been preferred in cherries for a long time, but in recent years demand for stocks grafted onto the clone rootstocks have increased. 

The rootstocks Gisela series 5, 6, 7 and 12 developed in Gissen Research Institute in Germany, Ma x Ma series, Weirot and Tabel Edabriz developed in France, CAB 6P and E-11 developed in Italy takes greater demand and the demand for stocks grafted onto Mahalep Sl-64, Cold and Mazzart F-12/1 rootstocks. Mahalep SL-64 rootstock should be preferred in limy, loamy soils with limited irrigation conditions, Mahalep SL-64 MaxMa rootstocks should be preferred in heavy textured soils and F 12/1, CAB 6P should be used in permeable, deep soils with hot climate.

Important Species; Cristobalino, Early Burlat, Vista, Metron Premier, Metron Bigarreau, Larian, Noir De Guben, Stella, Van, Bing, Lapins, Bigarreau Gaucher, Noble, 0900 Ziraat,  Metron Late, Starks Gold, Sweet Heart, Sun Burst, Ferrovia, Gorgia, Hedelfinger, Kordia, Lambert, Noble, Regina, Techloven. 

Self-yielding species evolved in recent years are Stella, Celeste, Isabelle, Lapins, Sunburst, Sweetheart and New Star. In our country, the most commonly planted and exported cherry type in our country is 0900 Ziraat, and species such as Starks Gold, Lambert, Metron Late and Bigarreau Gaucher must definitely be used as fertilizers to obtain a good quantity of products.

Planting Gaps and Cultivation Systems; Cherries must be planted in 6x6m and 6x5m gaps on generative rootstocks, in 6x4 m and 5x3 m on clone rootstocks and 4x3 m gaps and spaces when grafted onto Gisela 5 rootstock. In farms with stocks grafted onto the dwarf and semi-dwarf cherry rootstocks, 50 to 85 pieces of cherry trees can be planted. Amount of organic material in soil, cultivation method and inclination of the farm is also important for the lengths of gaps

Since cherries tend to grow vertically, main branches should be extended towards sides. Modified leader cultivation is the most suitable method of cultivation. This system must be installed within 4 years following the planting. Lack of sufficient budding causes the fruits remain small and the tree grow vertically.

Diseases and Pests; Root Cancer, Bacterial Cancer, Monilia etc. diseases and Rhomboid Tortrix, Cherry Fly are among the important pests.

Amount of Production and Trade; Turkey takes the seventh place in almonds world production where it produces about 83,000 tons.As the USA takes the first place whose production reaches about 1,8 million tonss of the world almonds production  where it is provided while Australia takes the second place then Spain ,Morocco,İran and Syria.

Use of Rootstock; Mostly the almond and peach seeds are preferred as rootstocks for almonds. Cultivated plants (Texas, Garrigue, Atocha, Desmaya) species and wild (bitter) almonds' seeds are used as rootstocks. These rootstocks resist to arid conditions. Seed rootstocks of almond are sensitive to Root Cancer, Root Fungi, Oak Root Fungi, Verticilium paleness, and root tumor and wound nematodes. 

On the other hand, peach rootstocks are sensitive to aridity and lime and have more shallow roots compared to almonds. They can yield earlier on peach rootstocks but their lifetime shortens. In recent years, hybrids of peach and almonds started to be used as rootstocks and the most important one is GF 677. This rootstock is sensitive to root cancer, oak root fungi and vertisilium. Other peach - almond hybrids are 557 Hansen 2168 Hansen 536, and Adafuel. New rootstocks like Gadaman, Barrier-1 and GN-15 L(Garnem), GN-22 (Felinem) started to be commonly used in recent years. 

Establishing a Garden, Cultivation Systems and Budding; Majority of the almond types don't fertilize each other therefore sufficient amount of fertilizers should be planted. Texas, Peerless, Nu Plus Utra, Thampson and Carmen species should be used as fertilizers for the most common specie Nonpareil. No Plus Ultra, Peerless species bloom early following the Texas, Carmen and Thampson Nonpareil Tuono specie don't make fertilization. Ferragnes, Ferrastar and Ferraduel species fertilize each other. 

Trees grow strong in almonds and form a semi-broad crown. Therefore, goble and modified leader cultivation systems should be applied. Yielding budding is performed on trees in full fruit. Lifetime of branches on an almond tree is 5 years. 3 main branches should exist around the leader branch, extending directions of these branches should be different and there must be some gap between. In places with extreme sunbathing, different peak branch cultivation system is applied. No rough budding is applied on almonds contrary to the peach. Non-fruit branches, branches with may bouquets on should be cut off and tree should be encouraged to make new shootings.

Diseases and Pests; Root cancer is the most important disease for almonds and farmers should pay attention to keep the garden and the stock free from diseases. Other important diseases are Taphrina deformans and Corineum Beijerinckii. Pests are Almond warm, Kapnodis and leaf leeches.